Mediaeval Food

For the most part, these recipes come from the late Mediaeval period (after the Norman conquest of England). Hence there is a considerable continental influence on the food. We also see for the first time recipes incorporating rabbits rather than hares. [Normans having brought rabbits into Britain as a rare delicacy.] As with the Roman period many of these recipes were expensive to prepare and come from the highest courts in the land. Indeed, the earlest recipes almost all originate from the tables of Henry II, which represents some of the earliest British culinary writings we have. Though most of the recipes presented here come late in the mediaeval period. The food here is quite different from that seen in the Roman period and not quite as highly-spiced as the food of the Elizabethan age.

Medieval Ingredients

For Medieval recipes the following native ingredients were commonly used (the closest modern equivalent is also given).

Clary Clary is the plant Silvia sclarea, also known as Clary Sage, clear eye, eyebright, clarywort, and musoatel sage. This herb is a biennial and relatively easy to grow if you want an authentic taste. However, just about any fresh sage leaves can be substituted. This was used commonly in Elizabethan cooking as it cuts the grease of fatty meats and fish

Galingale Galingale is the plant Cyperus longus, also known as Sweet Galingale is a member of the sedge family. The roots are edible and highly-aromatic. These formed the main constituent of galyntyne, a pungent sauce. Though it will only give a hint of the true flavour 4:1 mix of galangal and ginger can be substituted. Alternatively it may be bought from oriental supermarkets where it is sold as 'galingas'.

Cubeb Cubeb is fruit of the plant Piper cubeba, also known as Cubeb Pepper. A native of Java, it is related to cardamom and has a similar flavour to allspice. This spice can be obtained from many specialist spice stores.

Gode Powdor Gode Powdor is a spice blend generally used for sweet dishes. It is made by mixing together 2 tsp ground cinnamon, 1.5 tsp ground mace, 1/2 tsp ground pepper, 2 tsp ground galingale and 1 tsp crushed cardamon.

Verjuice Verjuice Verjuice is the acidic juice pressed from unripe fruit, primarily grapes, but also other sour fruit such as green apples, crab apples, cooking apples and even plums. The name derives from the Old French 'vertjus' meaning 'green juice' and was common in Medieval and Elizabethan cookery. These days verjuice can be bought commercially, but one part cider vinegar, one part water with a dash of lemon and lime juice also makes an acceptable substitute.

Almond Milk Almond Milk is a common Medieval thickening agent It is a cloudy liquid prepared by steeping ground almonds in water, broth, or wine. Almond milk acted as the liquid base and/or thickening agent in a wide variety of medieval and Elizabethan dessert dishes.

Alkanet Alkanet is the plant Alkanna tinctoria, also known as Anchusa, Dyer's Bugloss, Spanish Bugloss and Orchanet. The roots of the plant, which were generally boiled in spirit of vinegar to extract the deep red colour, were used in Medieval times. Or the roots were added directly to oily stews. This plant was primarily used for its colourant properties and sweet paprika could be used instead.

Saunders Saunders, also known as Sandalwood is the plant Santalum album, and is a tree, originally native to india. During the Middle Ages the wood of this tree was pulverized to produce a compound that would colour their food a dark red. Again, sweet paprika can be used as an alternative.

Saffron Saffron is a common Medieval spice, and represents one of the few spices that seems as expensive to us as it did half a millennium ago. To gain the most from this spice grind the spice in a small quantity of water and add the resulting mixture to your dish.

Powder Fort Powder Fort is the Medieval 'strong' spice mix and can be generated by mixing a tablespoon each of cloves, mace, cubeb pepper, grains of paradise along with 4 teaspoons of ground ginger and 4 tbsp cinnamon and 3 tbsp black pepper. Grind in a pestle and mortar and store in an air-tight jar.

Powder Douce Powder Douce is the Medieval 'sweet' spice mix and can be generated by mixing a tablespoon each of aniseed, fennel seeds, and ground hyssop along with 4 teaspoons of sugar. Grind in a pestle and mortar and store in an air-tight jar.

Spikenard Spikenard is the plant, Nardostachys jatamansi, an aromatic plant with small leaves and red-purple flowers. This is used frequently in aromatherapy oils. Must be obtained from a specialized supplier. An alternate is to use equal portions of fennel and lavender a fifth of the final quantity of valerian root (note, valerian is a sedative and some people are very sensitive, use sparingly. Lavender should not be consumed by pregnant women).

Zeodary Root Zeodary Root, also known as djedwar, zedoar, zeduale, citoval, setwall, cetewale and citouart. It is derived from the dried roots of either Curcuma zedoaria or Curcuma zerumbet and is related to turmeric. Its smell is similar to a cross between turmeric and mango. As a result it has been used in cordials and wines as well as being a culinary ingredient.

Beans Beans. Many recipes of the Middle Ages refer to a bean that needs to be hulled. Apart from chickpeas and lentils the only other commonly-available bean in the Middle ages was he broad (or fava) bean and I think that when the recipes name beans they refer to this.

Gourd Gourd. Many Medieval recipes refer to an ingredient that is variously translated as 'Gourd' or 'pumpkin'. As many squashes originated in the New World, the only authentic ingredinet would seem to be a green Chinese squash. However, green butternut squash is more common these days and makes an acceptable alternative.

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