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Welcome to Celtnet's Halloween Recipes Page — This is a continuation of a series of pages on the history of certain occasions and the recipes associated with that occasion. This page details the origins of Halloween from it's origins in the Celtic past to the modern day. You will learn about the various practices and beliefs associated with Halloween, as well as finding out about some of the traditional recipes associated with the occasion. In addition a number of modern Halloween-themed and Halloween-associated recipes are also given here.
Today, we tend to think of Hallowe'en as an American festival, as this is the country which is most exuberant in its celebration of this ancient festival. However, what is much less know is that Hallowe'en is actually over 2000 years old and hearkens back to the Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in) and which literally means Summer's End. Indeed, the modern Welsh name for this day Calan Gaeaf means 'the eve of Winter'.)
To the ancient Celts, October 31st represented the last day of Summer and November 1st was the first day of Winter. As such the night of October 31st a 'no time' between the old and the new year and between the light half and the dark halves of the year. As such the hearth fires were extinguished on October 31st and re-lit on November 1st.
November was also the month of death in the Celtic calendar, where animals were slaughtered to provide meat for winter. Indeed, the Modern Welsh for November Tachwedd literally means 'The Month of Slaughter'. This often began with a feast on November 1st where pigs were slaughtered (part of this folklore is preserved in the Cymric (Welsh) legend of Arawn and Hafgan, as told in the Mabinogi of Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed.
In Irish tradition the sacred kings of Tara would partake of horse flesh on this day, and this practice may explain the origins of the English hobby horse (known as the Hooden Horse on Hallowe'en) and the Welsh Mari Lwyd (Grey Mare) now used on New Year's eve, but originally used on the Celtic New Year, November 1st.
As October 31st was a time of transition it was also the time when the world of man and the worlds of the gods and the ancestors were at their closest and the barriers between them were thinnest. The sprits of the dead could return to the living (this was one reason the hearths were put out, so that the spirits of the departed would not feel at home). It was also the time of the Wild Hunt, when the faery, led by Gwyn fab Nudd would be abroad to increase their numbers and dominions. (For a personal view on this, read my poem Calan Gaeaf (Winter Calends).)
Big bonfires were lit to ward off evil spirits and to sanctify the cattle ready for slaughter. There are still traditional of walking cattle between two bonfires on this day. And bonfires were though to attract the spirits away from homes and to ward away the Wild Hunt.
We know little about what the ancient Celts may have eaten at this time of year, however archaeology suggests that pork and wild boar was popular and it's fair to suggest the following drinks as part of a 'traditoinal' Samhain feast:
Wild Boar Stew
Iron Age Pork and Beans
Ancient Pork Stew
Leavened Bread Bread
Suckling Pig
Celtic Pork and Apple Stew
Mead
After the Roman conquest of the majority of the Celtic lands, it seems as if two Roman festivals became syncretized with the native Samhain traditions. These were the Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans commemorated the passing of the dead (a date originally celebrated at the Winter Solstice [around December 21st] in the Celtic Lands) and the celebration of Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. Again, the Celtic lands had their own apple deities and Afallow (the orchard isle of Avalon) was already a Celtic realm of the dead and the departed ancestors.
The association of the departed souls and apples with October 31st give us some of our modern traditions about this day and may explain the practice of bobbing for apples, where the first person to bite into an apple would be the first to be wed the following year.
Little is known about Roman foods and practices during this time of year, however one food that was probably both consumed and made as offerings to the spirits of the departed was the sacral bread, libum. Also there is a recipe in Apicius' De Re Coquinaria for a stew of pork with apples wich combines the sacred meat and the sacred fruit of the Halloween season, so I include this recipe here as well.
Libum (Roman Sacral Bread)
Minutal Matianum (Pork with Apples)
Although the following dish does not have a Halloween association, it does show just how ancient the dish of pumpkin pie actually is... Originating with the Romans!
Patina de Cucurbitis (Pumpkin Pie)
Christianization of the Celtic lands after the fall of Rome happened rapidly and though Pope Boniface IV originally set the festival day of All the Saints on May 13, in 825 Pope Gregory III moved the date to November 1st, setting it to coincide with the pagan festival of Samhain, thus supplanting the festival with a Christian meaning. In Old English, the mass held on All Saints' Day was known as Allhallowmass and the night before was know as All Hallow's Eve (where hallow means sacred, sanctified, holy). By contraction All Hallow's Eve became Hallowe'en (or Halloween).
In early Christian belief it was held that souls were released from purgatory on All Hallow's Eve and were abroad for 48 hours (an obvious survival of the earlier pagan beliefs) and this is why November 2nd is know as All Souls' Day.
Interestingly, it was the Irish and Scottish immigrants during the 19th century who brought Halloween festivities to America, so the modern festivities remain a contiuation of the ancient Celtic original. Even the caved pumpkin (typically known as a Jack O'Lantern) originates with carved swedes and turnips (done in Wales, Scotland and Ireland) and the traditional carved beetroot of England.
In Ireland, Halloween was once a day of abstinence, when no meat was eaten and dishes made with potatoes were consumed instead. Typical dishes would include:
Colcannon
champ
boxty pancakes
potato farls
apple and potato fadge
and barm brack
In England there was a tradition of eating and serving Soul Cakes on Halloween. These were baked as offerings to the spirits of the dead but also given as gifts to children who came 'souling' (the Halloween version of carolling and the origin of 'trick or treating'). Another traditional Halloween treat was the toffee apple (known as candy apples in America) and apple pies or tarts have also been traditional at Hallwoeen.
soul cakes
toffee apples
Apple Tart with Herb Bennet
Apple Pie
In Wales, treacle toffee (taffi triog) has always been made for Halloween and soups or stews made with the turnip or sweed turned into lanterns were often served
Taffi Triog
Cawl Mamgu (Granny's Broth)
Tatws Stwns Cennin gyda Garlleg a Chennin Syfi (Mashed Potatoes with Leeks, Garlic and Chives)
Lobscows
This practice of using the lantern source to make food also survives in the many pumpkin-based dishes served at this time of year:
Amish Pumpkin Bread
Creamy Pumpkin Soup
Mombasa Pumpkin Dessert
Pumpkin and Banana Bread
Pumpkin and Tomato Soup
Pumpkin Bread
Liberian Pumpkin Cake
Pumpkin Croquettes
Pumpkin Soup
Pumpkin Spice Cookies
Pumpkin Waffles
Pumpkin, Leek and Cheese Tart with Herb Pastry
Roast Pumpkin on Lamb's Lettuce
Spicy Pumpkin and Aubergine Stew
Tagine of Lamb with Pumpkin
Pumpkin Pie
Winter Squash, Tomato and Cheese Gratin
You can also find many more Pumpkin and Pumpkin-based recipes on this site.
Modern Halloween is really a time for children (and the young at heart) here are foods that either look scary or have scary names. Guaranteed to delight, entertain and slightly gross-out. Other recipes here are classic cakes and sweets (candies) that can be given as treats.
Cat's Eyes
Chocolate Spiders
Hot Blood Soup
Lantern Soup
Fried Brains
Apple Brownies
Brains on the Half-skull
Butchered Snake Bits with Barbecue Sauce
Chopped-off Fingers Pizza
Dead Sea Soup
Flat Cat Cookies
Sewer Soda
Snouts and Beans
Worm Burgers
Bat Wing Soup
Blazing Monster Eyes
Halloween Swanp Dip
Hot Caramel Apple Drink
Ghost Cookies
Candy Corn
Candy Ghosts
Cockroach Clusters
Pumpkin Fudge
Pumpkin Mints
Spiced Pumpkin Fudge
Spider Bites
It's not just children who enjoy Halloween, so here are some recipes for 'big kids' everyhwere:
Mulled Cider Punch
Pumpkin Pie Bars
Traditional Pumpkin Pie
Pumpkin Muffins
Crustless Pumpkin Pie
Pumpkin Drop Scones
Corn on the Cob with Herbed Chilli Butter
Pumpkin Crunch
Satan's Fantasy Chili
Stuffed Pumpkin
Pumpkin Ghoulash
Sweet Pumpkin Salad
In addition to the recipes found here, you can also find many more pumpkin-based recipes on this site.
The traditional recipes of Wales are what might be thought of as 'peasant food' the kind of recipes made by the poor who want to make the most out of what little food they had. This, in some respects, has left Wales with a blank culinary slate where some very exciting modern foods, bringing together influences from all over the world have been created. Here I give an example of a traditional Welsh dish and an example of a recipe from the new breed of Welsh cookery...
Senegal was formerly the capital of French West Africa and the French influence remains strong in the country, not least in the cooking. French cooking techniques and European vegetables mix with rice, fish and hot chillies to yield a cuisine that is vibrant exciting and above all tasty. Try out two classic Senegalese dishes for yourselves here.
Ghana is one of the most fertile and productive of West African countries. It is also the inheritor nation of the Ga and Ashanti poeples, ancient rulers of West Africa. The cuisines of Ghana are diverse and characterized by he use of chillies, native spices and boiled eggs in the cooking. Here you will find two typical Ghanaian recipes.
According to tradition, marmalade came to Scotland in 1797 when Mrs Janet Keiller had to do something with a ship-load of ripe oranges her husband had bought. From this was born Dundee Marmalade and this bitter-sweet product has been a traditional part of Scottish cookery ever since. Here you will find recipes that include marmalade as an essential ingredient.
An ice cream is a cold dessert made, at the most basic level, with cream and flavourings and which is whipped to incorporate air into the mix both before and during the freezing process. However, Italian ice creams (gelati) have more flavour and are whipped less so they contain less air and are creamier. French ice creams (glaces) are based on an egg custard and taste rich and creamy. Find out more about these frozen desserts and how to prepare them.
Game is one of the oldest meat types that humans have ever used. However, game animals tend to be very lean and need to be cooked carefully. This article provides some information about game animals and a recipe for cooking venison by braising slowly in dark beer.
Pizzas have become a staple of modern cooking and a staple of fast food. The known history of pizzas stretch back over 2000 years, from topped flatbreads depicted in Pompeii to the first 'true' Neapolitan pizzas of the 1890s to the sweet pizzas of the 1980s. Here the recipes for a classic savoury pizza crust and a modern sweet pizza crust are presented. Once you can create a pizza crust to perfection then the remainder of the pizza is easy!
Spring is the time for new resolutions and to make the best of fresh and new ingredients. Spring lamb and fresh rhubarb are at their best now and these two classic recipes show off these ingredients at their best. Here you will see some of the best of traditional British cookery that will allow you to make a spectacular meal from these ingredients.
When you examine the history of drinks, what you see is the attempt by human civilizations to render drinking water safe. This article gives an introduction to the ways various civilizations have chosen to make water safe to drink as well as providing two recipes for a fruit juice drink and a spice infusion of lemongrass.
Review of 'Roman Cookery' by Dr Mark Gant. How valuable a resource is this? Will it actually teach you to cook the Roman way? Read this review and find out for your self.
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